101. Clostridium bacillus is:
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Facultative aerobe
C. Obligate anaerobe ✅
D. Obligate aerobe
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Facultative aerobe
C. Obligate anaerobe ✅
D. Obligate aerobe
102. α-hemolytic streptococci are also known as______.
A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Virulence group
C. Viridans group ✅
D. CoNS
A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Virulence group
C. Viridans group ✅
D. CoNS
103. __________ is/are used to determine glucose fermentation by bacteria?
A. Methyl red test
B. TSI test
C. Urease test
D. Both “A” and “B” ✅
A. Methyl red test
B. TSI test
C. Urease test
D. Both “A” and “B” ✅
104. Protein particles which can cause disease are:
A. Virions
B. Nucleoida
C. Bacteriophages
D. Prions ✅
A. Virions
B. Nucleoida
C. Bacteriophages
D. Prions ✅
105. Bacteria are more sensitive to antibiotics at which phase of growth curve?
A. Decline phase
B. Lag phase
C. Log phase ✅
D. Stationary phase
A. Decline phase
B. Lag phase
C. Log phase ✅
D. Stationary phase
106. Syphilis is a bacterial STD, caused by________.
A. Trichomonas vaginalis
B. Treponema pallidum ✅
C. Leptospira
D. Neisseria gonorrhea
A. Trichomonas vaginalis
B. Treponema pallidum ✅
C. Leptospira
D. Neisseria gonorrhea
107. Staining material of Gram-negative bacteria is
A. Crystal violet
B. Safranin ✅
C. Carbol fuchsin
D. Methylene blue
A. Crystal violet
B. Safranin ✅
C. Carbol fuchsin
D. Methylene blue
108. The bacterium that is most commonly used in genetic engineering is:
A. Staphylococcus
B. Klebsiella
C. Proteus
D. Escherichia ✅
A. Staphylococcus
B. Klebsiella
C. Proteus
D. Escherichia ✅
109. In autoclave, the principle involved is:
A. Dry heat
B. Moist heat
C. Steam under pressure
D. Both “B” and “C” ✅
A. Dry heat
B. Moist heat
C. Steam under pressure
D. Both “B” and “C” ✅
110. ____ is NOT an example of immuno-diagnostic test.
A. PCR ✅
B. Serum plate agglutination test
C. ELISA
D. FAT
A. PCR ✅
B. Serum plate agglutination test
C. ELISA
D. FAT
111. Staph-110 used for the isolation of Staphylococcus, is an example of ___________ medium.
A. Selective ✅
B. Enrichment
C. Differential
D. General purpose
A. Selective ✅
B. Enrichment
C. Differential
D. General purpose
112. Production of RNA from DNA is called:
A. Translation
B. Transcription ✅
C. RNA splicing
D. Replication
A. Translation
B. Transcription ✅
C. RNA splicing
D. Replication
113. Virus will contain:
A. Cell membrane
B. Capsule
C. Both DNA and RNA
D. DNA or RNA ✅
A. Cell membrane
B. Capsule
C. Both DNA and RNA
D. DNA or RNA ✅
114. Example of anaerobic medium is:
A. Nutrient agar
B. Selenite F broth
C. Robertson cooked-meat medium ✅
D. MacConkey agar
A. Nutrient agar
B. Selenite F broth
C. Robertson cooked-meat medium ✅
D. MacConkey agar
115. All of following are waterborne diseases EXCEPT:
A. Cholera
B. Scabies ✅
C. Giardiasis
D. Salmonellosis
A. Cholera
B. Scabies ✅
C. Giardiasis
D. Salmonellosis
116. Existence of Tuberculosis in population of Faisalabad is an example of:
A. Epidemic
B. Endemic ✅
C. Pandemic
D. Sporadic
A. Epidemic
B. Endemic ✅
C. Pandemic
D. Sporadic
117. Mycotoxins are produced by:
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi ✅
D. Protozoa
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi ✅
D. Protozoa
118. In polymerase chain reaction, extension step is done at temperature:
A. 50-60 oC
B. 95 oC
C. 37 oC
D. 72 oC ✅
A. 50-60 oC
B. 95 oC
C. 37 oC
D. 72 oC ✅
119. Basophils have receptors for _________ antibodies.
A. IgG
B. IgE ✅
C. IgA
D. IgD
A. IgG
B. IgE ✅
C. IgA
D. IgD
120. Enzymes are chemically:
A. Lipids
B. Proteins ✅
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipoproteins
A. Lipids
B. Proteins ✅
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipoproteins
121. Which of the following has optimum growth temperature greater than 45oC?
A. Mesophilic
B. Psychrophiles
C. Psychrophilic
D. Thermophiles ✅
A. Mesophilic
B. Psychrophiles
C. Psychrophilic
D. Thermophiles ✅
122. The enzyme ____________ unzips and unwinds the DNA.
A. DNA polymerase
B. Helicase ✅
C. Primase
D. Reverse transcriptase
A. DNA polymerase
B. Helicase ✅
C. Primase
D. Reverse transcriptase
123. Helicobacter pylori possesses __________ that helps to neutralize stomach acid (HCl).
A. Coagulase
B. Urease ✅
C. Hyaluronidase
D. Catalase
A. Coagulase
B. Urease ✅
C. Hyaluronidase
D. Catalase
124. Capnophiles bacteria grow at optimum in:
A. Small percentage of CO2 ✅
B. Excess CO2
C. Excess of O2
D. Absence of O2
A. Small percentage of CO2 ✅
B. Excess CO2
C. Excess of O2
D. Absence of O2
125. First line of body defense is:
A. Antibody molecules
B. Antigen molecules
C. Phagocytic cells
D. Unbroken skin ✅
A. Antibody molecules
B. Antigen molecules
C. Phagocytic cells
D. Unbroken skin ✅
126. ‘Toxic shock syndrome’ is caused by the toxin of:
A. Staphylococcus aureus ✅
B. Streptococcus pyogenes
C. Vibrio cholerae
D. Proteus vulgaris
A. Staphylococcus aureus ✅
B. Streptococcus pyogenes
C. Vibrio cholerae
D. Proteus vulgaris
127. _________ reagent is used to precipitate DNA?
A. SDS
B. Isopropanol ✅
C. Phenol
D. EDTA
A. SDS
B. Isopropanol ✅
C. Phenol
D. EDTA
128. The nosocomial infections are acquired from:
A. Plants
B. Hospitals ✅
C. Animals
D. Community
A. Plants
B. Hospitals ✅
C. Animals
D. Community
129. Virus family causing mumps is also responsible for:
A. Hepatitis
B. Rabies
C. Measles
D. Smallpox ✅
A. Hepatitis
B. Rabies
C. Measles
D. Smallpox ✅
130. Carcinoma refers to
A. Malignant tumors of the connective tissue
B. Malignant tumors of the colon
C. Malignant tumors of skin or mucus membrane ✅
D. Malignant tumors of the lungs
A. Malignant tumors of the connective tissue
B. Malignant tumors of the colon
C. Malignant tumors of skin or mucus membrane ✅
D. Malignant tumors of the lungs
131. Batch fermentation is also called:
A. Open system
B. Closed system ✅
C. Sub-merger system
D. Continuous system
A. Open system
B. Closed system ✅
C. Sub-merger system
D. Continuous system
132. Live bacterial cells can be examined:
A. In dark field microscope ✅
B. After Gram staining
C. After special staining
D. Acid-fast staining
A. In dark field microscope ✅
B. After Gram staining
C. After special staining
D. Acid-fast staining
133. IgM type of antibodies has been found to occur in:
A. Monomer
B. Dimer
C. Trimer
D. Pentamer ✅
A. Monomer
B. Dimer
C. Trimer
D. Pentamer ✅
134. Which sequence is a palindrome?
A. 5′-GATTA-3′
B. 5′-GACTTT-3′
C. 5′-GACCAA-3′
D. 5′ AGGCCT 3’ ✅
A. 5′-GATTA-3′
B. 5′-GACTTT-3′
C. 5′-GACCAA-3′
D. 5′ AGGCCT 3’ ✅
135. Bacterial cells are at their metabolic peak during:
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Stationary Phase
D. Decline Phase
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Stationary Phase
D. Decline Phase
136. The antibiotic acting on cell was is:
A. Chloramphenicol
B. Rifampin
C. Polymyxins ✅
D. Penicillin
A. Chloramphenicol
B. Rifampin
C. Polymyxins ✅
D. Penicillin
137. Which of the following is a motile bacterium?
A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Bacillus anthracis
C. Salmonella typhi ✅
D. Shigella flexneri
A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Bacillus anthracis
C. Salmonella typhi ✅
D. Shigella flexneri
138. Migration of leukocytes in response to specific chemicals towards the site of injury or infection:
A. Specific immunity
B. Phagocytosis
C. Inflammation
D. Chemotaxis ✅
A. Specific immunity
B. Phagocytosis
C. Inflammation
D. Chemotaxis ✅
139. _____ is a vector to transmit Dengue virus to man.
A. Male Culex
B. Male Aedes
C. Female Aedes ✅
D. Female Culex
A. Male Culex
B. Male Aedes
C. Female Aedes ✅
D. Female Culex
140. The organisms which grow best in the presence of a low concentration of oxygen:
A. Microaerophilic ✅
B. Anaerobic
C. Facultative anaerobic
D. Obligate aerobes
A. Microaerophilic ✅
B. Anaerobic
C. Facultative anaerobic
D. Obligate aerobes
141. Which one the following blood cells primarily functions as phagocytic cells?
A. B-lymphocytes
B. T-lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils ✅
A. B-lymphocytes
B. T-lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils ✅
142. Acquired immunity is:
A. Natural
B. Artificial
C. Active
D. All of these ✅
A. Natural
B. Artificial
C. Active
D. All of these ✅
143. Formation of nitrate from ammonia is called:
A. Ammonification
B. Denitrification
C. Nitrogen fixation
D. Nitrification ✅
A. Ammonification
B. Denitrification
C. Nitrogen fixation
D. Nitrification ✅
144. Which types of cells are the main target of HIV?
A. CD4+ cells ✅
B. CD8+ cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages
A. CD4+ cells ✅
B. CD8+ cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages
145. Which of the following is a start codon?
A. GUG
B. UGA
C. GAA
D. AUG ✅
A. GUG
B. UGA
C. GAA
D. AUG ✅
146. Acquisition of naked DNA by intact bacteria is:
A. Transduction
B. Transcription
C. Conjugation
D. Transformation ✅
A. Transduction
B. Transcription
C. Conjugation
D. Transformation ✅
147. T4 enzyme is an example of:
A. Restriction enzyme
B. Polymerase
C. Ligase ✅
D. Integrase
A. Restriction enzyme
B. Polymerase
C. Ligase ✅
D. Integrase
148. _____________ are thin and help in attachment and colonization.
A. Fimbriae ✅
B. Sex pilli
C. Capsule
D. Cell wall
A. Fimbriae ✅
B. Sex pilli
C. Capsule
D. Cell wall
149. _________ is the killing of all microorganisms both in vegetative and sporing states.
A. Disinfection
B. Pasteurization
C. Sterilization ✅
D. Antisepsis
A. Disinfection
B. Pasteurization
C. Sterilization ✅
D. Antisepsis
150. ______________ technique requires previously diluted samples carpeted over agar plate.
A. Streak plate
B. Spread plate ✅
C. Pour plate
D. Stab tube
A. Streak plate
B. Spread plate ✅
C. Pour plate
D. Stab tube
151. ______ is Gram positive spherical & chain forming.
A. Streptococcus ✅
B. Staphylococcus
C. Bacillus
D. Diplococcus
A. Streptococcus ✅
B. Staphylococcus
C. Bacillus
D. Diplococcus
152. Negri bodies are observed in cells infected by:
A. Cytomegalovirus
B. Rabies virus ✅
C. Herpes simplex virus
D. Pox virus
A. Cytomegalovirus
B. Rabies virus ✅
C. Herpes simplex virus
D. Pox virus
153. Temperature of autoclave at 15 psi will be_____.
A. 110oC
B. 115oC
C. 121oC ✅
D. 125oC
A. 110oC
B. 115oC
C. 121oC ✅
D. 125oC
154. ___ is a culture medium having liquid consistency.
A. Broth ✅
B. Agar
C. Soft agar
D. All of these
A. Broth ✅
B. Agar
C. Soft agar
D. All of these
155. Which of the following is an example acid-fast bacterium?
A. Vibrio
B. Staphylococcus
C. Mycobacterium ✅
D. Leptospira
A. Vibrio
B. Staphylococcus
C. Mycobacterium ✅
D. Leptospira
156. _______ is a pigment giving golden color to colonies.
A. Catalase
B. Staphyloxanthin ✅
C. Coagulase
D. Hemolysin
A. Catalase
B. Staphyloxanthin ✅
C. Coagulase
D. Hemolysin
157. Streptolysin O is inactivated by __________.
A. CO2
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen ✅
D. Serum
A. CO2
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen ✅
D. Serum
158. Influenza virus genome is _________?
A. dsRNA
B. ssRNA ✅
C. dsDNA
D. ssDNA
A. dsRNA
B. ssRNA ✅
C. dsDNA
D. ssDNA
159. All are accessory proteins of HIV EXCEPT?
A. Vif
B. Tat
C. Vpu
D. Vpr ✅
A. Vif
B. Tat
C. Vpu
D. Vpr ✅
160. Trichomoniasis can be diagnosed by ________.
A. Demonstration of cysts by fecal examination
B. Acidic vaginal pH
C. Whiff test ✅
D. Demonstration of oocysts by fecal examination
A. Demonstration of cysts by fecal examination
B. Acidic vaginal pH
C. Whiff test ✅
D. Demonstration of oocysts by fecal examination
161. All Gram-Negative bacilli have _______?
A. Capsule
B. Exotoxin
C. Endotoxin ✅
D. DNase
A. Capsule
B. Exotoxin
C. Endotoxin ✅
D. DNase
162. _____ can cause food INTOXICATION?
A. Staphylococcus aureus ✅
B. Streptococcus pyogenes
C. E. coli
D. Salmonella
A. Staphylococcus aureus ✅
B. Streptococcus pyogenes
C. E. coli
D. Salmonella
163. Enhancement of size using ocular and objective lens is called ________.
A. Magnification ✅
B. Resolution
C. Contrast
D. All of these
A. Magnification ✅
B. Resolution
C. Contrast
D. All of these
164. __________contains substances favoring the growth of organism being sought.
A. Selective
B. Enrichment ✅
C. Differential
D. General purpose
A. Selective
B. Enrichment ✅
C. Differential
D. General purpose
165. Which of the following is an example general purpose medium is ________?
A. Selenite F broth
B. Mannitol salt agar
C. MacConkey agar
D. Nutrient agar ✅
A. Selenite F broth
B. Mannitol salt agar
C. MacConkey agar
D. Nutrient agar ✅
166. MacConkey agar, it differentiates b/w __________ fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria.
A. glucose
B. lactose ✅
C. mannitol
D. sucrose
A. glucose
B. lactose ✅
C. mannitol
D. sucrose
167. BCG vaccine is used for the prevention of ____.
A. Botulism
B. Tuberculosis ✅
C. Cholera
D. Anthrax
A. Botulism
B. Tuberculosis ✅
C. Cholera
D. Anthrax
168. What is the reservoir for Salmonella typhi?
A. Humans ✅
B. Wild rodents
C. Soil
D. Domestic Animals
A. Humans ✅
B. Wild rodents
C. Soil
D. Domestic Animals
169. All protozoan pathogens have a ______ phase?
A. Cyst ✅
B. Sexual
C. Trophozoite
D. latent
A. Cyst ✅
B. Sexual
C. Trophozoite
D. latent
170. All are correct for Giardia lamblia EXCEPT?
A. It has only trophozoite stage. ✅
B. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route.
C. It can be diagnosed by the string test
D. It is a heart shape protozoan.
A. It has only trophozoite stage. ✅
B. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route.
C. It can be diagnosed by the string test
D. It is a heart shape protozoan.
171. Cholera toxin is a form of _____.
A. Exotoxin ✅
B. Endotoxin
C. Neurotoxin
D. Hemolytic toxin
A. Exotoxin ✅
B. Endotoxin
C. Neurotoxin
D. Hemolytic toxin
172. ________________ leads to expression of antiviral proteins.
A. Complement
B. Interferon ✅
C. Cytokines
D. Enzymes
A. Complement
B. Interferon ✅
C. Cytokines
D. Enzymes
173. Cell-mediated immune response is mediated by:
A. B-lymphocytes
B. Endothelial cells
C. T-lymphocytes ✅
D. Granulocytes
A. B-lymphocytes
B. Endothelial cells
C. T-lymphocytes ✅
D. Granulocytes
174. Passive immunity lasts for the period of:
A. About 10-days
B. 6-9 months ✅
C. 9-10 years
D. All of the above
A. About 10-days
B. 6-9 months ✅
C. 9-10 years
D. All of the above
175. ______ is an endospore forming aerobic bacteria.
A. Bacillus anthracis ✅
B. Clostridium botulinum
C. Both “A” and “B”
D. Staphylococcus aureus
A. Bacillus anthracis ✅
B. Clostridium botulinum
C. Both “A” and “B”
D. Staphylococcus aureus
176. Sporulation is a process of ______________.
A. Reproduction
B. Preservation
C. Both ‘A’ & ‘B’ ✅
D. None of these
A. Reproduction
B. Preservation
C. Both ‘A’ & ‘B’ ✅
D. None of these
177. Thickest layer of spore envelope is __________.
A. Core
B. Spore wall
C. Cortex
D. Spore coat ✅
A. Core
B. Spore wall
C. Cortex
D. Spore coat ✅
178. India ink is an example of_________.
A. Principle stain
B. Basic stain
C. Counter stain ✅
D. Acidic stain
A. Principle stain
B. Basic stain
C. Counter stain ✅
D. Acidic stain
179. 100X objective lens is also known as ________.
A. Dry lens
B. High dry lens
C. Scanning lens
D. Oil immersion lens ✅
A. Dry lens
B. High dry lens
C. Scanning lens
D. Oil immersion lens ✅
180. Rod shaped bacteria are known as________.
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli ✅
C. Vibrio
D. Coco-bacilli
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli ✅
C. Vibrio
D. Coco-bacilli
181. Mordant used in Gram’s staining is ___________.
A. Acid alcohol
B. Safranin
C. Gram’s iodine ✅
D. Crystal violet
A. Acid alcohol
B. Safranin
C. Gram’s iodine ✅
D. Crystal violet
182. _____________ is an instrument effectively used to sterilize metals, glassware, powders, oils and waxes.
A. Autoclave
B. Hot air oven ✅
C. Water bath
D. Seitz filter
A. Autoclave
B. Hot air oven ✅
C. Water bath
D. Seitz filter
183. Bacteria that can only be grown in the absence of oxygen, are commonly cultivated in _________.
A. Deep agar tube
B. Anaerobic jar
C. Both “A” and “B” ✅
D. Broth culture
A. Deep agar tube
B. Anaerobic jar
C. Both “A” and “B” ✅
D. Broth culture
184. Visible growth of bacteria on solid medium is ___.
A. colony ✅
B. turbidity
C. sediment
D. None of these
A. colony ✅
B. turbidity
C. sediment
D. None of these
185. Immune individuals will not harbor it thus reducing occurrence of pathogens is concept of _________.
A. Innate immunity
B. Herd immunity ✅
C. cell mediated immunity
D. Autoimmunity
A. Innate immunity
B. Herd immunity ✅
C. cell mediated immunity
D. Autoimmunity
186. Sugar solution is commonly sterilized by_______.
A. Autoclave
B. Hot air oven
C. Filtration ✅
D. X-rays
A. Autoclave
B. Hot air oven
C. Filtration ✅
D. X-rays
187. A culture containing a single kind of microorganisms is known as ______.
A. Colony culture
B. Liquid culture
C. Mixed culture
D. Pure culture ✅
A. Colony culture
B. Liquid culture
C. Mixed culture
D. Pure culture ✅
188. ____ is major Ig present in human serum & can provide naturally acquired immunity for new born?
A. IgA
B. IgG ✅
C. IgE
D. IgM
A. IgA
B. IgG ✅
C. IgE
D. IgM
189. Failure to eliminate self-reactive cells results in___.
A. Negative selection
B. Autoimmunity ✅
C. Positive Selection
D. Tolerance
A. Negative selection
B. Autoimmunity ✅
C. Positive Selection
D. Tolerance
190. Active immunity is induced by:
A. Injection of γ-globulins
B. Placental transfer of Abs
C. Injection of antibodies
D. Infection ✅
A. Injection of γ-globulins
B. Placental transfer of Abs
C. Injection of antibodies
D. Infection ✅
191. T-cells are produced from:
A. Bone marrow
B. Thymus ✅
C. Spleen
D. Thyroid gland
A. Bone marrow
B. Thymus ✅
C. Spleen
D. Thyroid gland
192. Antibodies are produced from:
A. T lymphocytes
B. Plasma Cells ✅
C. NK cells
D. Eosinophils
A. T lymphocytes
B. Plasma Cells ✅
C. NK cells
D. Eosinophils
193. Immunological memory is provided by:
A. B lymphocytes
B. T lymphocytes
C. Both “A” and “B” ✅
D. phagocytes
A. B lymphocytes
B. T lymphocytes
C. Both “A” and “B” ✅
D. phagocytes
194. Basophils have receptors for Fc fragment of ______.
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgE ✅
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgE ✅
195. Light chain does not originate from _____ region.
A. variable
B. diversity
C. joining
D. constant ✅
A. variable
B. diversity
C. joining
D. constant ✅
196. Vaccine used against viral infection is:
A. Mumps vaccine ✅
B. Cholera vaccine
C. Sub-cellular vaccine
D. Typhoid vaccine
A. Mumps vaccine ✅
B. Cholera vaccine
C. Sub-cellular vaccine
D. Typhoid vaccine
197. ____________ immune cells mainly act against helminth worm?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Eosinophils ✅
C. Basophils
D. Neutrophils
A. Lymphocytes
B. Eosinophils ✅
C. Basophils
D. Neutrophils
198. Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single:
A. Antigen
B. Bacterium
C. Epitope ✅
D. B cell
A. Antigen
B. Bacterium
C. Epitope ✅
D. B cell
199. Which of the following cells do not have MHC class II surface molecules?
A. Ig producing plasma cells ✅
B. Dendritic cells
C. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Macrophages
A. Ig producing plasma cells ✅
B. Dendritic cells
C. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Macrophages
200. Small chemical groups on the antigen molecule that can react with antibody:
A. Epitope ✅
B. Paratope
C. Isotope
D. Allotope
A. Epitope ✅
B. Paratope
C. Isotope
D. Allotope
