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1401. What is the mutation rate for E. coli per bacterium per cell division?
A. 5.8 x 10-6 ✅
B. 5.8 x 109
C. 5.8 x 10-8
D. 5.8 x 107
1402. The transfer of genes from one cell to another by a bacteriophage is known as ___________.
A. Recombination
B. Conjugation
C. Transduction ✅
D. Transformation
1403. _______ used to cut the recipient DNA.
A. Endonuclease ✅
B. Exonuclease
C. Ligases
D. Polymerase
1404. Bacterial recombination causes transformation of the recipient cell to __________.
A. Donor cell
B. Merozygote
C. Zygote
D. Recipient cell ✅
1405. The transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is referred to as __________.
A. Transduction
B. Lysogeny
C. Transformation ✅
D. Conjugation
1406. What are bacteriocins?
A. Proteins
B. Toxins ✅
C. Plasmid
D. Sex factor
1407. What is the shape of DNA in the male cells of E. coli?
A. Linear
B. Supercoiled
C. Circular ✅
D. Relaxed
1408. How much time is taken by the new DNA to make whole phage particles?
A. 24 hours
B. 60 minutes
C. 2 minutes
D. 10-20 minutes ✅
1409. Which of the following role is performed by a bacteriophage in transduction?
A. Vector ✅
B. Donor
C. Recipient
D. Episome
1410. What are the characteristics of rough pneumococci strain?
A. Non-capsulated and pathogenic
B. Non-capsulated and nonpathogenic ✅
C. Capsulated and pathogenic
D. Capsulated and nonpathogenic
1411. In Griffith’s experiment which of following strains of pneumococci was isolated from dead mice?
A. Live rough cells
B. Dead rough cells
C. Live smooth cells ✅
D. Dead smooth cells
1412. Which of the following things was identified as the transforming principle?
A. DNA ✅
B. RNA
C. Ribosomes
D. Carbohydrates
1413. Which of the following enzymes acts on the DNA after its entry into the cell?
A. Ligases
B. Endonucleases
C. Deoxyribonucleases ✅
D. Exonucleases
1414. Which among the following species have not been transformed?
A. Bacillus
B. Neisseria
C. Rhizobium
D. Aspergillus ✅
1415. In which phase of growth does the recipient cell take up the donor DNA?
A. Lag phase
B. Early logarithmic phase ✅
C. Late logarithmic phase
D. Stationary phase
1416. Which among the following was the first germ-free animal to be reared?
A. Guinea pigs
B. Rats
C. Chickens ✅
D. Monkey
1417. Which of the following vitamins are not required by normal animals?
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin C ✅
D. Vitamin A
1418. When the phage transduces only those bacterial genes adjacent to the prophage in the bacterial chromosome then it is known as?
A. Generalized transduction
B. Specialized transduction ✅
C. Restricted transduction
D. Conjugation
1419. Tuberculosis is which type of infection?
A. Acute
B. Chronic ✅
C. Primary
D. Secondary
1420. Enterococci is found in which part of the intestine?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
D. Large intestine ✅
1421. Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by the strains of which of the following microorganism?
A. Streptococcus mutans
B. Clostridium difficile ✅
C. Streptococcus salivarius
D. Clostridium botulinum
1422. Where does the Streptococcus mutans adhere to the body site?
A. Intestinal tract
B. Tongue
C. Teeth ✅
D. Hairs
1423. ____________ produces colicins in intestine?
A. E. coli ✅
B. B. subtilis
C. Clostridium botulinum
D. Streptococcus salivarius
1424. Which of the following viruses are termed as ‘orphan’ viruses?
A. Retroviruses
B. Echoviruses
C. Coxsackieviruses ✅
D. Adenoviruses
1425. The bacteria most frequently and most consistently found in the nose are _______ and S. epidermidis.
A. Haemophilus sp.
B. S. pneumoniae
C. Corynebacterium sp.
D. S. aureus ✅
1426. The microorganisms stick to which of the following regions of the respiratory tract?
A. Nasal baffle
B. Nasopharynx ✅
C. Mucus
D. Oropharynx
1427. Fusobacterium and Bacteroides belong to which type of bacterial group?
A. Aerobes
B. Facultative anaerobes
C. Obligate anaerobes ✅
D. Microaerophilic
1428. Which of the following microorganism is found in the gingival crevices at puberty?
A. Lactobacillus
B. Treponema sp.
C. Actinomyces
D. S. mutans ✅
1429. Which body part contains the largest microbial population?
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine ✅
D. Mouth
1430. Which of following is not Gram-positive bacilli?
A. Bacteroides ✅
B. Staphylococcus
C. Lactobacillus
D. Bifidobacterium
1431. Which microorganism among the following can live as a commensal but can also be pathogenic?
A. Trichomonas hominis
B. Entamoeba histolytica ✅
C. Endolimax
D. Iodamoeba
1432. Degree of pathogenicity is referred to as _____.
A. Infection
B. Virulence ✅
C. Avirulent
D. Attenuated
1433. Bacillary dysentery is caused by which of the following microorganism?
A. Clostridium perfringens
B. Borrelia sp.
C. Shigella ✅
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1434. Which type of strains are used in vaccines?
A. Virulent
B. Avirulent
C. Attenuated ✅
D. Non-pathogenic
1435. When the infection occurs suddenly and with severe intensity it is known as __________.
A. Chronic
B. Fulminating ✅
C. Acute
D. Localized
1436. Where does Streptococcus pyogenes infects in the body to cause infection?
A. Cervix
B. Small intestine
C. Urethra
D. Throat ✅
1437. Vibrio cholerae adheres to the epithelial cells of the small intestine by means of ___________.
A. Pili
B. Hooks
C. Hemagglutinin ✅
D. Spikes
1438. Poliovirus attaches to central nervous system by means of ___________.
A. Pili
B. Proteins ✅
C. Hooks
D. Slime layer
1439. Which of the following microorganism causes infection in burns?
A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ✅
B. Clostridium perfringens
C. Borrelia sp.
D. Streptococcus sp.
1440. Which of the following microorganism causes relapsing fever in humans?
A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B. Clostridium perfringens
C. Borrelia sp. ✅
D. Streptococcus sp.
1441. Which of the following microorganism participates in active penetration into the body?
A. Clostridium perfringens
B. Shigella ✅
C. Borrelia sp.
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1442. In which of the following body part does the influenza virus does not penetrate?
A. Small intestine ✅
B. Nasopharynx
C. Trachea
D. Bronchi
1443. _______ is an arthropod-borne pathogen.
A. Clostridium perfringens
B. Borrelia species ✅
C. Shigella
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1444. Gas gangrene is caused by which of the following microorganisms?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Clostridium perfringens ✅
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. E. coli
1445. Which of the following condition is false for tissue invasion by C. perfringens?
A. Anaerobic condition of the wound
B. Production of large amounts of hydrogen gas
C. Production of small amounts of hydrogen gas ✅
D. Release of toxins
1446. Which of the following statement is wrong regarding the effects of cholera toxin?
A. Loss of fluid from the body
B. pH of blood remains constant
C. Hemoconcentration ✅
D. Bicarbonate ions are lost from blood
1447. Which of the following is a plasmid-mediated toxin?
A. Diphtheria toxin
B. Botulism toxin
C. Tetanus toxin
D. Food-poisoning toxin ✅
1448. Lymph enters a lymph node by several _____.
A. Lymphatic trunks
B. Lymphatic vessels
C. Lymphatic capillaries ✅
D. Arteries
1449. Where does Neisseria meningitidis reach after entering the body?
A. Kidney
B. Intestine
C. Nasopharynx ✅
D. Meninges
1450. Which of the following microorganism can cause acute renal failure?
A. Leptospira ✅
B. Salmonella typhi
C. Neisseria meningitidis
D. Bacillus anthracis
1451. Which of the following disease is caused by the pathogen directly infecting the lymphatic system?
A. Meningitis
B. Typhoid fever
C. Renal failure
D. Anemia ✅
1452. Which of the following disease is an example of septicemic infection?
A. Typhoid fever
B. Meningitis
C. Anthrax ✅
D. Renal failure
1453. LT toxin is produced by __________.
A. S. aureus
B. E. coli ✅
C. B. anthracis
D. C. perfringens
1454. Which bacteria has an unusual capsule among the following (composed of polypeptide rather than a polysaccharide)?
A. Haemophilus influenzae
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Bacillus anthracis ✅
1455. Which of the following characteristics of the microorganism does not help in causing the infectious disease?
A. Must enter the host
B. Must metabolize in the host tissue
C. Must resist host defenses
D. Must not damage the host ✅
1456. What is the chemical nature of endotoxins?
A. Protein
B. Polysaccharide
C. Lipopolysaccharide ✅
D. Lipid
1457. Which type of toxin is tetanus toxin?
A. Enterotoxin
B. Neurotoxin ✅
C. Cytotoxin
D. Endotoxin
1458. What is the shape of the lymph nodes?
A. Tubular
B. Circular
C. Cuboidal
D. Ovoid ✅
1459. Which of the following organisms produces neurotoxin as a virulence factor?
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Clostridium tetani ✅
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Staphylococcus aureus
1460. Clostridium perfringens type A occurs as a natural flora of ______________.
A. Stomach
B. Mouth
C. Intestine ✅
D. Eyes
1461. Which toxin causes paralysis of muscles?
A. Diphtheria toxin
B. Botulinum toxin ✅
C. Tetanus toxin
D. Cholera toxin
1462. Hyaluronidase enzyme is produced by which of the following organism?
A. C. perfringens
B. S. pyogenes
C. S. aureus ✅
D. Mycoplasma
1463. Which of the following is a major virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
A. Polysaccharide capsule ✅
B. M protein
C. Streptolysin O
D. Streptolysin S
1464. Which of the following has the ability to bind Igs?
A. Coagulase
B. Streptokinase
C. Protein A ✅
D. Hydrogen Peroxide
1465. Syphilis is caused by ____________.
A. Treponema pallidum ✅
B. Treponema pertenue
C. Treponema endemicum
D. Treponema carateum
1466. Which of the following is a specific test for detecting antibodies against Treponema pallidum?
A. VDRL
B. RPR
C. TPH ✅
D. Widal Test
1467. In which body part does the C. jejuni causes infection?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small and large intestine ✅
D. Limbs
1468. Which of the following antibiotics is most effective?
A. Streptomycin
B. Tetracycline
C. Gentamicin ✅
D. Ampicillin
1469. Which of the following microorganism occurs in swine?
A. Brucella melitensis
B. Brucella abortus
C. Brucella suis ✅
D. Legionella pneumophila
1470. Which drug is used for treatment of brucellosis in humans?
A. Erythromycin
B. Tetracycline ✅
C. Carbenicillin
D. Gentamicin
1471. Thayer-Martin medium is used for isolation of organism for which disease?
A. Diphtheria
B. Meningococcal meningitis
C. Gonorrhea ✅
D. Gastroenteritis
1472. Which of the following toxins cause damage to the tissue cells by its phospholipase action?
A. Alpha toxin ✅
B. Delta toxin
C. Protein A
D. Coagulase
1473. Complement- fixation is done for laboratory diagnosis of which of the following disease?
A. Poliomyelitis
B. Mumps
C. Measles
D. FMD ✅
1474. Which of the following toxin is a hemolysin?
A. Diphtheria toxin
B. Botulism toxin
C. Tetanus toxin
D. Streptolysin O ✅
1475. Which of the following microorganism causes lesions in the form of abscesses?
A. Staphylococcus aureus ✅
B. Streptococcus pyogenes
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Clostridium perfringens
1476. Streptococus pyogenes comprises which Lancefield group?
A. Group A ✅
B. Group B
C. Group C
D. Group D
1477. Which of the following microbe does not belong to Group D enterococci group?
A. S. faecalis
B. S. faecium
C. S. durans
D. S. bovis ✅
1478. Which drug is used for treatment of anthrax?
A. Erythromycin
B. Penicillin ✅
C. Tetracycline
D. Ampicillin
1479. Toxin A involved in pseudomembranous colitis is a type of _______________.
A. Endotoxin
B. Enterotoxin
C. Cytotoxin ✅
D. Neurotoxin
1480. Which among the following species causes tuberculosis?
A. Mycobacterium leprae
B. Mycobacterium kansasii
C. Mycobacterium bovis ✅
D. Mycobacterium ulcerans
1481. Polioviruses belongs to which of the following groups?
A. Enteroviruses ✅
B. Rhinoviruses
C. Foot and mouth disease viruses
D. Retroviruses
1482. Which of the following viruses consists of a helical nucleocapsid?
A. Picornaviruses
B. Togaviruses
C. Adenoviruses
D. Coronaviruses ✅
1483. Which drug is used to cure influenza caused by type A strains?
A. Penicillin
B. Amantadine ✅
C. Ampicillin
D. Tetracycline
1484. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is transmitted by _____________.
A. Mosquitoes
B. Ticks ✅
C. Biting flies
D. Rabbits
1485. What is the shape of the Rhabdoviruses?
A. Bullet ✅
B. Circular
C. Brick shaped
D. Ovoid
1486. What is the shape of the nucleoid of poxviruses?
A. Circular
B. Brick-shaped
C. Irregular ✅
D. Dumbbell-shaped
1487. Which strain of adenoviruses can cause cancer?
A. Subgroup I
B. Subgroup II
C. Subgroup III
D. Subgroup IV ✅
1488. Marek’s disease virus affects which of following?
A. Chickens ✅
B. Cattle
C. Humans
D. Birds
1489. Which drug is used for healing genital herpes?
A. Acyclovir ✅
B. Penicillin
C. Erythromycin
D. Tetracycline
1490. Mononucleosis is caused by which of the following viruses?
A. VZV
B. HSV
C. EBV ✅
D. HIV
1491. SV 40 causes diseases in which animal?
A. Monkeys ✅
B. Rabbits
C. Humans
D. Cattle
1492. Dermatophytic diseases attributed infections to __________.
A. Humans
B. Insects
C. Monkeys
D. Birds ✅
1493. Where does polioviruses multiply first?
A. Skin
B. Oropharynx ✅
C. Lymph nodes
D. Spinal cord
1494. Yellow fever is caused by ____________.
A. Alphavirus
B. Rubellavirus
C. Flavivirus ✅
D. Pestivirus
1495. Which of the following causes epidemic ringworm of the scalp in children?
A. Microsporum audouinii
B. Trichophyton rubrum
C. Candida albicans
D. Epidermophyton floccosum ✅
1496. Which of the following disease is an infection of the reticuloendothelial system?
A. Cryptococcosis
B. Moniliasis
C. Histoplasmosis ✅
D. Coccidioidomycosis
1497. Which of the following DOES NOT grow in Sabouraud’s glucose agar media?
A. Histoplasma capsulatum
B. Coccidioides immitis
C. Sporothrix schenckii
D. Blastomyces dermatitidis ✅
1498. Animals that are routinely infected with a protozoan or parasite are termed as ________.
A. Definitive host
B. Intermediate host
C. Reservoir host ✅
D. Parasitic host
1499. Laboratory diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica depends on identification in the ___________.
A. Blood
B. Urine
C. Saliva
D. Stool ✅
1500. African sleeping sickness is caused:
A. Entamoeba histolytica
B. Trypanosoma gambiense ✅
C. Leishmania donovani
D. Plasmodium vivax
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