1701. For which one of the following bacterial vaccines are toxic side effects an important concern?
A. The vaccine containing killed Bordetella pertussis
B. The vaccine containing pneumococcal polysaccharide
C. The vaccine containing tetanus toxoid
D. The vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid ✅
A. The vaccine containing killed Bordetella pertussis
B. The vaccine containing pneumococcal polysaccharide
C. The vaccine containing tetanus toxoid
D. The vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid ✅
1702. Regarding vaccines, which one of the following statements is the MOST accurate?
A. Killed vaccines induce a longer-lasting response than do live, attenuated vaccines.
B. Killed vaccines are safer to give to immunocompromised patients than are live, attenuated vaccines. ✅
C. Killed vaccines are no longer used in this country because they do not induce secretory IgA.
D. Killed vaccines induce a broader range of immune responses than do live, attenuated vaccines.
A. Killed vaccines induce a longer-lasting response than do live, attenuated vaccines.
B. Killed vaccines are safer to give to immunocompromised patients than are live, attenuated vaccines. ✅
C. Killed vaccines are no longer used in this country because they do not induce secretory IgA.
D. Killed vaccines induce a broader range of immune responses than do live, attenuated vaccines.
1703. The MOST important protective function of the antibody stimulated by tetanus immunization is:
A. To opsonize the pathogen (Clostridium tetani)
B. To neutralize the toxin of the pathogen ✅
C. To prevent adherence of the pathogen
D. To prevent growth of the pathogen
A. To opsonize the pathogen (Clostridium tetani)
B. To neutralize the toxin of the pathogen ✅
C. To prevent adherence of the pathogen
D. To prevent growth of the pathogen
1704. Each of the following statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is correct EXCEPT:
A. HIV is an enveloped RNA virus.
B. A DNA copy of the HIV genome integrates into host cell DNA.
C. Acyclovir inhibits HIV replication. ✅
D. The virion contains an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
A. HIV is an enveloped RNA virus.
B. A DNA copy of the HIV genome integrates into host cell DNA.
C. Acyclovir inhibits HIV replication. ✅
D. The virion contains an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
1705. The main advantage of passive immunization over active immunization is that:
A. It contains primarily IgM
B. Antibody persists for a longer period
C. It provides antibody more rapidly ✅
D. It can be administered orally
A. It contains primarily IgM
B. Antibody persists for a longer period
C. It provides antibody more rapidly ✅
D. It can be administered orally
1706. Which one of the following is NOT an important characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes?
A. Beta-hemolysin
B. M protein
C. Protein A ✅
D. Polysaccharide group-specific substance
A. Beta-hemolysin
B. M protein
C. Protein A ✅
D. Polysaccharide group-specific substance
1707. The MOST important way the host counteracts the function of the pneumococcal polysaccharide capsule is via:
A. Anti-capsular antibody ✅
B. Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes
C. Activated T lymphocytes
D. Activated macrophages
A. Anti-capsular antibody ✅
B. Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes
C. Activated T lymphocytes
D. Activated macrophages
1708. Which one of the following is a virulence factor for Staphylococcus aureus?
A. Protein A that binds to the Fc portion of IgG ✅
B. An oxygen-labile hemolysin
C. A heat-labile toxin that inhibits glycine release at the internuncial neuron
D. Resistance to novobiocin
A. Protein A that binds to the Fc portion of IgG ✅
B. An oxygen-labile hemolysin
C. A heat-labile toxin that inhibits glycine release at the internuncial neuron
D. Resistance to novobiocin
1709. Each of the following statements concerning Clostridium perfringens is correct EXCEPT:
A. It produces an exotoxin that degrades lecithin and causes necrosis and hemolysis.
B. It causes gas gangrene.
C. It is a Gram-negative rod that does not ferment lactose. ✅
D. It causes food poisoning.
A. It produces an exotoxin that degrades lecithin and causes necrosis and hemolysis.
B. It causes gas gangrene.
C. It is a Gram-negative rod that does not ferment lactose. ✅
D. It causes food poisoning.
1710. ________ agent is used to prevent Malaria.
A. Chloroquine ✅
B. Zinc tablet
C. Inactivated vaccine
D. Mebendazole
A. Chloroquine ✅
B. Zinc tablet
C. Inactivated vaccine
D. Mebendazole
1711. Which one of the following protozoa primarily infects macrophages?
A. Leishmania donovani ✅
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. Entamoeba histolytica
D. Trichomonas vaginalis
A. Leishmania donovani ✅
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. Entamoeba histolytica
D. Trichomonas vaginalis
1712. Which one of the following forms of immunity to viruses would be LEAST likely to be lifelong?
A. Active immunity
B. Passive immunity ✅
C. Cell-mediated immunity
D. Passive and active immunity
A. Active immunity
B. Passive immunity ✅
C. Cell-mediated immunity
D. Passive and active immunity
1713. A child stung by a bee experiences respiratory distress within mins. & lapses into unconsciousness. This reaction is probably mediated by:
A. IgM antibody
B. IgE antibody ✅
C. Sensitized T cells
D. Complement
A. IgM antibody
B. IgE antibody ✅
C. Sensitized T cells
D. Complement
1714. Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by which of the following immunoglobulins?
A. IgE ✅
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgM
A. IgE ✅
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgM
1715. Each of the following statements concerning lysogeny is correct EXCEPT:
A. Some lysogenic bacteriophages encode toxins that cause human disease.
B. Viral genes replicate independently of bacterial genes. ✅
C. Viral DNA is integrated into bacterial DNA.
D. Viral genes responsible for lysis are repressed
A. Some lysogenic bacteriophages encode toxins that cause human disease.
B. Viral genes replicate independently of bacterial genes. ✅
C. Viral DNA is integrated into bacterial DNA.
D. Viral genes responsible for lysis are repressed
1716. A sputum sample exhibited Gram-positive cocci that are alpha hemolytic on blood agar. Which structure of the causal agent provides protection against phagocytosis?
A. Coagulase
B. Capsule ✅
C. Teichoic acid
D. Catalase
A. Coagulase
B. Capsule ✅
C. Teichoic acid
D. Catalase
1717. The principal reservoir for the antigenic shift variants of influenza virus appears to be:
A. Animals, specifically pigs, horses, and fowl ✅
B. Sewage
C. Soil, especially in the tropics
D. People in isolated communities such as the Arctic
A. Animals, specifically pigs, horses, and fowl ✅
B. Sewage
C. Soil, especially in the tropics
D. People in isolated communities such as the Arctic
1718. The use of antibiotics that inhibit or inactivate cellular ribosomes will result directly in the loss of which of the following functions:
A. Cell division
B. Protein synthesis ✅
C. ATP production
D. DNA replication
A. Cell division
B. Protein synthesis ✅
C. ATP production
D. DNA replication
1719. Regarding the effect of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) on bacteria, which one of the following organisms is LEAST likely to be resistant?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C. Streptococcus pyogenes ✅
D. Bacillus anthracis
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C. Streptococcus pyogenes ✅
D. Bacillus anthracis
1720. B cells mature in the ____________ while T cells mature in the__________.
A. Liver/Kidneys
B. Bone marrow / Thymus ✅
C. Child / adult
D. Thymus/ bone marrow
A. Liver/Kidneys
B. Bone marrow / Thymus ✅
C. Child / adult
D. Thymus/ bone marrow
1721. Perforins are produced by:
A. Suppressor T cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells ✅
C. Plasma cells
D. Memory helper T cells
A. Suppressor T cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells ✅
C. Plasma cells
D. Memory helper T cells
1722. Graft rejection are mediated primarily by:
A. Non–complement-fixing antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells ✅
C. Phagocytic cells
D. Helper T cells
A. Non–complement-fixing antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells ✅
C. Phagocytic cells
D. Helper T cells
1723. A delayed hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by:
A. An infiltrate composed of neutrophils
B. Edema without a cellular infiltrate
C. An infiltrate composed of helper T cells and macrophages ✅
D. An infiltrate composed of eosinophils
A. An infiltrate composed of neutrophils
B. Edema without a cellular infiltrate
C. An infiltrate composed of helper T cells and macrophages ✅
D. An infiltrate composed of eosinophils
1724. Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spores is correct EXCEPT:
A. They are formed by gram-positive rods
B. They contain much less water than bacterial cells
C. Their survival ability is based on their enhanced metabolic activity ✅
D. They can be killed by being heated to 121oC for 15 minutes
A. They are formed by gram-positive rods
B. They contain much less water than bacterial cells
C. Their survival ability is based on their enhanced metabolic activity ✅
D. They can be killed by being heated to 121oC for 15 minutes
1725. This structure is found in Gram negative bacteria but not in Gram positive is ________.
A. Outer membrane ✅
B. Endospore
C. Capsule
D. Cytoplasmic Membrane
A. Outer membrane ✅
B. Endospore
C. Capsule
D. Cytoplasmic Membrane
1726. Each of the following statements concerning endotoxins is correct EXCEPT:
A. Endotoxins are found in most Gram-positive bacteria ✅
B. The antigenicity of somatic (O) antigen is due to repeating oligosaccharides
C. The toxicity of endotoxins is due to the lipid portion of the molecule
D. Endotoxins are located in the cell wall
A. Endotoxins are found in most Gram-positive bacteria ✅
B. The antigenicity of somatic (O) antigen is due to repeating oligosaccharides
C. The toxicity of endotoxins is due to the lipid portion of the molecule
D. Endotoxins are located in the cell wall
1727. The association of endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria is a result of the presence of:
A. Steroids
B. Polypeptide
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Lipopolysaccharide ✅
A. Steroids
B. Polypeptide
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Lipopolysaccharide ✅
1728. An antigen is:
A. A highly specific protein produced by the body in response to a foreign body
B. A chemical that inhibits the growth of microorganisms
C. An antibody produced by the body that stimulates the production of antibodies by immune system
D. A chemical substance that stimulates the production of antibodies by immune system ✅
A. A highly specific protein produced by the body in response to a foreign body
B. A chemical that inhibits the growth of microorganisms
C. An antibody produced by the body that stimulates the production of antibodies by immune system
D. A chemical substance that stimulates the production of antibodies by immune system ✅
1729. Bacterial fimbriae present on the outer cell surface are used for:
A. Cellular motility
B. Adherence to surfaces ✅
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Adherence and exchange of genetic information
A. Cellular motility
B. Adherence to surfaces ✅
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Adherence and exchange of genetic information
1730. Which of the following substances will not stimulate an immune response unless they are bound to a larger molecule?
A. Antibody
B. Antigen
C. Hapten ✅
D. Virus
A. Antibody
B. Antigen
C. Hapten ✅
D. Virus
1731. During the maturation of a B lymphocyte, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the:
A. Gamma chain
B. Alpha chain
C. Mu chain ✅
D. Epsilon chain
A. Gamma chain
B. Alpha chain
C. Mu chain ✅
D. Epsilon chain
1732. Regarding bacterial spores, which one of the following is the MOST accurate?
A. They are produced by anaerobes only in the presence of oxygen.
B. They are produced primarily within human red blood cells.
C. One spore germinates to form one bacterium. ✅
D. They contain endotoxin, which accounts for their ability to cause disease.
A. They are produced by anaerobes only in the presence of oxygen.
B. They are produced primarily within human red blood cells.
C. One spore germinates to form one bacterium. ✅
D. They contain endotoxin, which accounts for their ability to cause disease.
1733. Bacterial surface structures that show antigenic diversity include each of the following EXCEPT:
A. Pili
B. Peptidoglycan ✅
C. Flagella
D. Capsules
A. Pili
B. Peptidoglycan ✅
C. Flagella
D. Capsules
1734. Which of the following BEST describes the mode of action of endotoxin?
A. Blocks release of acetylcholine
B. Degrades lecithin in cell membranes
C. Inactivates elongation factor 2
D. Causes the release of tumor necrosis factor ✅
A. Blocks release of acetylcholine
B. Degrades lecithin in cell membranes
C. Inactivates elongation factor 2
D. Causes the release of tumor necrosis factor ✅
1735. Exotoxins are typically:
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins ✅
D. Lipopolysaccharides
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins ✅
D. Lipopolysaccharides
1736. Usually, bacteria form more endospores in response to:
A. Adverse environmental stress ✅
B. Need for reproduction
C. Nutrient surplus
D. Colony formation
A. Adverse environmental stress ✅
B. Need for reproduction
C. Nutrient surplus
D. Colony formation
1737. MAIN host defense against bacterial exotoxins is:
A. Altration of host cell receptors in response to toxin
B. Activated macrophages secreting proteases
C. IgG and IgM antibodies ✅
D. Helper T cells
A. Altration of host cell receptors in response to toxin
B. Activated macrophages secreting proteases
C. IgG and IgM antibodies ✅
D. Helper T cells
1738. The identification of bacteria by serologic tests is based on the presence of specific antigens. Which one of the following bacterial components is LEAST likely to contain useful antigens?
A. Cell wall
B. Capsule
C. Flagella
D. Ribosomes ✅
A. Cell wall
B. Capsule
C. Flagella
D. Ribosomes ✅
1739. Which of the following is NOT true about phagocytosis?
A. It requires fusion of internal lysosomes to engulfed vacuole for contents to be digested.
B. It only occurs in eukaryotes.
C. It is a form of exocytosis. ✅
D. It is energy dependent.
A. It requires fusion of internal lysosomes to engulfed vacuole for contents to be digested.
B. It only occurs in eukaryotes.
C. It is a form of exocytosis. ✅
D. It is energy dependent.
1740. The antibody-binding site is formed primarily by:
A. The variable regions of H chains
B. The hypervariable regions of H and L chains ✅
C. The variable regions of L chains
D. The constant regions of H and L chains
A. The variable regions of H chains
B. The hypervariable regions of H and L chains ✅
C. The variable regions of L chains
D. The constant regions of H and L chains
1741. Inactivation of a toxin by an antibody is termed:
A. Lyophilization
B. Neutralization ✅
C. Opsonization
D. Attenuation
A. Lyophilization
B. Neutralization ✅
C. Opsonization
D. Attenuation
1742. In terms of agglutination, what is the difference between IgG and IgM?
A. There is no difference
B. IgG and IgM cannot perform agglutination.
C. IgM is more efficient ✅
D. IgG is more efficient.
A. There is no difference
B. IgG and IgM cannot perform agglutination.
C. IgM is more efficient ✅
D. IgG is more efficient.
1743. DNA vaccine contain _________ DNA that stimulates cells to make ________ antigens.
A. Human / Lipid
B. Microbial / Carbohydrate
C. Microbial / Protein ✅
D. Human / RNA
A. Human / Lipid
B. Microbial / Carbohydrate
C. Microbial / Protein ✅
D. Human / RNA
1744. Individual hybridoma cells produce only one type, or _____________ antibodies.
A. Polyclonal
B. Monoclonal ✅
C. IgA
D. Wild Type
A. Polyclonal
B. Monoclonal ✅
C. IgA
D. Wild Type
1745. Which immunoglobulin is the least prevalent?
A. IgM
B. IgE ✅
C. IgD
D. IgG
A. IgM
B. IgE ✅
C. IgD
D. IgG
1746. A vaccine that activates both cell-mediated and humoral immunity would most likely be:
A. Heat Killed
B. A toxoid
C. A virion ✅
D. Short-lived immunity
A. Heat Killed
B. A toxoid
C. A virion ✅
D. Short-lived immunity
1747. Which antibody is the first to be released into the blood following an infection?
A. IgE
B. IgG
C. IgD
D. IgM ✅
A. IgE
B. IgG
C. IgD
D. IgM ✅
1748. Public health ethics is:
A. Patient-centered
B. Population-centered ✅
C. Subject-centered
D. Must respect the rights of individuals
A. Patient-centered
B. Population-centered ✅
C. Subject-centered
D. Must respect the rights of individuals
1749. Epidemiologists are interested in learning about ____________________.
A. The causes of diseases and how to cure or control them
B. The frequency and geographic distribution of diseases
C. The causal relationships between diseases
D. All of the above ✅
A. The causes of diseases and how to cure or control them
B. The frequency and geographic distribution of diseases
C. The causal relationships between diseases
D. All of the above ✅
1750. The primary goal of public health is to:
A. Protect the uninfected
B. Protect the infected
C. Protect the identity of those who have died from an infectious disease
D. None of the above ✅
A. Protect the uninfected
B. Protect the infected
C. Protect the identity of those who have died from an infectious disease
D. None of the above ✅
1751. Which of the following are goals of vaccination?
A. Prevent infection
B. Prevent disease
C. Prevent transmission
D. All of the above ✅
A. Prevent infection
B. Prevent disease
C. Prevent transmission
D. All of the above ✅
1752. The group that permits analysis of the entire natural history of HIV/AIDS is:
A. Persistent seronegatives
B. Long-term survivors
C. Seroconverts ✅
D. Long-term survivors with low levels of CD4+ cells
A. Persistent seronegatives
B. Long-term survivors
C. Seroconverts ✅
D. Long-term survivors with low levels of CD4+ cells
1753. Globally, the most deaths are caused by:
A. HIV
B. Respiratory infections ✅
C. Malaria
D. Tuberculosis
A. HIV
B. Respiratory infections ✅
C. Malaria
D. Tuberculosis
1754. Results of surveillance should be distributed to:
A. Decision makers
B. The public
C. The data collectors
D. All of the above ✅
A. Decision makers
B. The public
C. The data collectors
D. All of the above ✅
1755. PreP is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence of HIV in:
A. Women
B. Men ✅
C. Drug users
D. Pregnant women
A. Women
B. Men ✅
C. Drug users
D. Pregnant women
1756. The biggest single determinant of HIV transmission to the infant is:
A. Mother’s age
B. Mother’s viral load ✅
C. Father’s viral load
D. Infant’s CD4+ level
A. Mother’s age
B. Mother’s viral load ✅
C. Father’s viral load
D. Infant’s CD4+ level
1757. The first acquired immune cell to respond defensively to HIV infection is:
A. CD4+
B. CD8+
C. NK cells ✅
D. Macrophages
A. CD4+
B. CD8+
C. NK cells ✅
D. Macrophages
1758. Diseases that are always present in a community, usually at a low, more or less constant, frequency are classified as having an _____ pattern.
A. Epidemic
B. Endemic ✅
C. Sporadic
D. Pandemic
A. Epidemic
B. Endemic ✅
C. Sporadic
D. Pandemic
1759. An epidemic that becomes unusually widespread and even global in its reach is referred to as a ____.
A. Pandemic ✅
B. Hyperendemic
C. Sporadic
D. Spanish flu
A. Pandemic ✅
B. Hyperendemic
C. Sporadic
D. Spanish flu
1760. Which of the following statements is true concerning epidemic diseases?
A. They are present throughout the year.
B. They usually appear and disappear seasonally. ✅
C. They are usually not very contagious.
D. At the end of an epidemic, a disease spreads at an increasing rate and then abruptly disappears.
A. They are present throughout the year.
B. They usually appear and disappear seasonally. ✅
C. They are usually not very contagious.
D. At the end of an epidemic, a disease spreads at an increasing rate and then abruptly disappears.
1761. A disease vector is a(n) _______________.
A. Organism that transmits a disease ✅
B. Symptom of a disease
C. Environmental condition associated with a disease
D. All of the above
A. Organism that transmits a disease ✅
B. Symptom of a disease
C. Environmental condition associated with a disease
D. All of the above
1762. Which of the following things cause malaria?
A. Mosquitoes
B. Plasmodium ✅
C. Ixodes
D. Red blood cells
A. Mosquitoes
B. Plasmodium ✅
C. Ixodes
D. Red blood cells
1763. The prime cause of illness resulting in death in the poor countries of the tropical and subtropical regions today is _______________.
A. Lyme disease
B. Plague
C. Malaria ✅
D. Diabetes
A. Lyme disease
B. Plague
C. Malaria ✅
D. Diabetes
1764. The study of cell is called __________.
A. Cytology ✅
B. Pathology
C. Parasitology
D. Embryology
A. Cytology ✅
B. Pathology
C. Parasitology
D. Embryology
1765. The epithelium consists of a single layer of cells is called ______________.
A. Simple ✅
B. Stratified
C. Basement membrane
D. None of above
A. Simple ✅
B. Stratified
C. Basement membrane
D. None of above
1766. Which of the following cells is an agranulocyte that becomes phagocytic after it enters the connective tissues?
A. Basophil
B. Erythrocyte
C. Lymphocyte
D. Monocyte ✅
A. Basophil
B. Erythrocyte
C. Lymphocyte
D. Monocyte ✅
1767. Which of the following cell types is more abundant in quantity?
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Monocytes
D. Neutrophils ✅
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Monocytes
D. Neutrophils ✅
1768. Collection of cells is called as __________.
A. Organs
B. Tissue ✅
C. System
D. None of the above
A. Organs
B. Tissue ✅
C. System
D. None of the above
1769. Pneumonia is the inflammation of ________.
A. Lungs ✅
B. Liver
C. Chest wall
D. Pancreas
A. Lungs ✅
B. Liver
C. Chest wall
D. Pancreas
1770. Foot and mouth in cattle is due to infection by:
A. Bacteria
B. Virus ✅
C. Parasite
D. Fungus
A. Bacteria
B. Virus ✅
C. Parasite
D. Fungus
1771. Most of the major health problems in the poorer nations are due to ____________________.
A. Parasitic worms and microorganisms ✅
B. Psychological tension resulting from work
C. Air pollution
D. None of the above
A. Parasitic worms and microorganisms ✅
B. Psychological tension resulting from work
C. Air pollution
D. None of the above
1772. The duration of passive acquired immunity is:
A. 10-20 days
B. 20-30 days
C. 30-40 days
D. 40-50 days ✅
A. 10-20 days
B. 20-30 days
C. 30-40 days
D. 40-50 days ✅
1773. Equine glanders is caused by:
A. Burkholderia mallei ✅
B. Burkholderia psudomallei
C. Burkoldera capaciae
D. Burkholderia tialendesis
A. Burkholderia mallei ✅
B. Burkholderia psudomallei
C. Burkoldera capaciae
D. Burkholderia tialendesis
1774. A tumor is caused by:
A. Purposeless multiplication of living cells ✅
B. Purposeful multiplication of living cells
C. Purposeful restriction of living cells
D. All above
A. Purposeless multiplication of living cells ✅
B. Purposeful multiplication of living cells
C. Purposeful restriction of living cells
D. All above
1775. Brucellosis in cattle is caused primarily by:
A. Brucella ovis
B. Brucella melitensis
C. Brucella abortus ✅
D. Brucella suis
A. Brucella ovis
B. Brucella melitensis
C. Brucella abortus ✅
D. Brucella suis
1776. Clinical signs of Tetanus developed by
A. Tetanospasmin
B. Interaction between tetanospasmin and nervous tissue ✅
C. Damage to nervous tissue
D. Tetanolysin
A. Tetanospasmin
B. Interaction between tetanospasmin and nervous tissue ✅
C. Damage to nervous tissue
D. Tetanolysin
1777. Culture medium for Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
A. L J medium ✅
B. MacConkey agar
C. Wilson Blair medium
D. Robert’s cooked meat medium
A. L J medium ✅
B. MacConkey agar
C. Wilson Blair medium
D. Robert’s cooked meat medium
1778. Colonies of E. coli on MacConkey appear as:
A. Colorless colonies
B. Greenish pigmentation
C. Pink colored colonies ✅
D. Medusa head appearance
A. Colorless colonies
B. Greenish pigmentation
C. Pink colored colonies ✅
D. Medusa head appearance
1779. Which of following medium is used to differentiate between lactose fermenter and non-fermenter?
A. Mannitol salt agar
B. Selenite F broth
C. Blood agar
D. MacConkey agar ✅
A. Mannitol salt agar
B. Selenite F broth
C. Blood agar
D. MacConkey agar ✅
1780. Which of the following is obligate anaerobes?
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Clostridium tetani ✅
C. E. coli
D. Staphylococcus aureus
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Clostridium tetani ✅
C. E. coli
D. Staphylococcus aureus
1781. AIDS virus is:
A. RNA virus
B. DNA virus
C. Retro virus ✅
D. Entero virus
A. RNA virus
B. DNA virus
C. Retro virus ✅
D. Entero virus
1782. Bacterial cells are at their metabolic peak during:
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Stationary phase
D. Decline phase
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Stationary phase
D. Decline phase
1783. Which of the following is not dimorphic and is the only medically important encapsulated yeast?
A. Histoplasma capsulatum
B. Cryptococcus neoformans ✅
C. Coccidioides immitis
D. Aspergillus flavus
A. Histoplasma capsulatum
B. Cryptococcus neoformans ✅
C. Coccidioides immitis
D. Aspergillus flavus
1784. Fungi that infect outside layers of skin or hair only are classified as?
A. Superficial ✅
B. Cutaneous
C. Subcutaneous
D. Systemic
A. Superficial ✅
B. Cutaneous
C. Subcutaneous
D. Systemic
1785. Fungi reproduce by which of the following?
A. Budding – mostly in yeasts
B. Fragmentation of hyphae
C. Spore formation by mold forms
D. All of above ✅
A. Budding – mostly in yeasts
B. Fragmentation of hyphae
C. Spore formation by mold forms
D. All of above ✅
1786. Infections from fungi occur mostly due to:
A. Prolong antibiotic therapy
B. Immunosuppression
C. Persistent moisture on skin
D. All of the above ✅
A. Prolong antibiotic therapy
B. Immunosuppression
C. Persistent moisture on skin
D. All of the above ✅
1787. Which of the following is the agent associated with development of neurodegenerative disease in livestock and humans?
A. Bacteria
B. Virions
C. Fungi
D. Prions ✅
A. Bacteria
B. Virions
C. Fungi
D. Prions ✅
1788. Which of the following has been linked to cervical cancer?
A. Epstein-Barr virus
B. Rota virus
C. Human immunodeficiency virus
D. Human papilloma virus ✅
A. Epstein-Barr virus
B. Rota virus
C. Human immunodeficiency virus
D. Human papilloma virus ✅
1789. In cancer, the reversion of cells to a more primitive or less differentiated state is called:
A. Neoplasia
B. Anaplasia ✅
C. Metastasis
D. Oncogenic
A. Neoplasia
B. Anaplasia ✅
C. Metastasis
D. Oncogenic
1790. Hepatitis B virus is quite different from other DNA viruses with respect to genome replication. They replicate their DNA using:
A. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
B. Reverse transcriptase ✅
C. Rnase H
D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
A. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
B. Reverse transcriptase ✅
C. Rnase H
D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
1791. The ___ of influenza-enveloped virus appear to be involved in attachment to the host cell receptor site.
A. Pili
B. Fimbriae
C. Hemagglutinin ✅
D. Hooks
A. Pili
B. Fimbriae
C. Hemagglutinin ✅
D. Hooks
1792. A bacterial defense mechanism against bacteriophage is called:
A. Concatamerization
B. Restriction ✅
C. Polymerization
D. Lysis
A. Concatamerization
B. Restriction ✅
C. Polymerization
D. Lysis
1793. A/an ______ protein keeps the prophage dormant and prevents virus reproduction.
A. Promotor
B. Repressor ✅
C. Inducer
D. Enhancer
A. Promotor
B. Repressor ✅
C. Inducer
D. Enhancer
1794. A/an _______ is specifically able to have a long-term relationship with the host known as lysogeny.
A. Temperate virus ✅
B. Adsorbed virus
C. RNA phage
D. DNA phage
A. Temperate virus ✅
B. Adsorbed virus
C. RNA phage
D. DNA phage
1795. Which of the following viruses cannot be transmitted sexually?
A. HIV
B. HBV
C. HSV-2
D. Rubella ✅
A. HIV
B. HBV
C. HSV-2
D. Rubella ✅
1796. All of the following viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route EXCEPT:
A. HAV
B. HEV
C. HIV ✅
D. Entero virus
A. HAV
B. HEV
C. HIV ✅
D. Entero virus
1797. All of the following statements regarding HIV are true EXCEPT ONE:
A. It is an oncovirus.
B. It has enzyme i.e. reverse transcriptase
C. The virus is present in all body fluids
D. The sexual route is the main mode of transmission ✅
A. It is an oncovirus.
B. It has enzyme i.e. reverse transcriptase
C. The virus is present in all body fluids
D. The sexual route is the main mode of transmission ✅
1798. The idea of selective toxicity was first proposed by:
A. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
B. Paul Ehrlich ✅
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Alexander Fleming
A. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
B. Paul Ehrlich ✅
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Alexander Fleming
1799. Which of the following statement is NOT related to poliovirus?
A. Two vaccine are available
B. There is no effective vaccine for polio ✅
C. Can be isolated from throat swab or stool
D. Three serotypes exist
A. Two vaccine are available
B. There is no effective vaccine for polio ✅
C. Can be isolated from throat swab or stool
D. Three serotypes exist
1800. ________ is a segmented ds-RNA virus?
A. HAV
B. Arenavirus
C. Rotavirus ✅
D. Parvovirus
A. HAV
B. Arenavirus
C. Rotavirus ✅
D. Parvovirus
