501. A boy with skin ulcer on leg, culture revealed β-hemolysis. School physician said that similar hemolysis was seen in organism from sore throat, what is the similarity between both pathogens?
A. Protein-A is same for both
B. C-carbohydrate antigen is different
C. C-carbohydrate antigen is the same ✅
D. Strain causing both are same
A. Protein-A is same for both
B. C-carbohydrate antigen is different
C. C-carbohydrate antigen is the same ✅
D. Strain causing both are same
502. A type of cell culture that can reproduce for an extended number of generations and is used to support viral replication is a:
A. Primary cell culture
B. Continuous cell line ✅
C. Secondary cell culture
D. Diploid fibroblast cell
A. Primary cell culture
B. Continuous cell line ✅
C. Secondary cell culture
D. Diploid fibroblast cell
503. Bacteriophages are readily counted by process of:
A. Immunoassays
B. ELISA
C. Tissue culture
D. Plaque assays ✅
A. Immunoassays
B. ELISA
C. Tissue culture
D. Plaque assays ✅
504. Non-motile clostridium is:
A. Clostridium perfringens
B. Clostridium novyi
C. Clostridium botulinum
D. Clostridium difficile ✅
A. Clostridium perfringens
B. Clostridium novyi
C. Clostridium botulinum
D. Clostridium difficile ✅
505. Which of the following is not an RNA virus?
A. Retrovirus
B. Enterovirus
C. Rhabdovirus
D. Adenovirus ✅
A. Retrovirus
B. Enterovirus
C. Rhabdovirus
D. Adenovirus ✅
506. In name of family Reovirus, word 'reo' refers to:
A. Respiratory enteric orphans ✅
B. Respiratory
C. Enteric
D. Orphans
A. Respiratory enteric orphans ✅
B. Respiratory
C. Enteric
D. Orphans
507. Virus that is well known in causing 'latent infection' is:
A. Adenovirus
B. Hepatitis B Virus
C. Influenza virus
D. Herpesvirus ✅
A. Adenovirus
B. Hepatitis B Virus
C. Influenza virus
D. Herpesvirus ✅
508. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about viral infections?
A. Virus infections are all life threatening
B. Number of viruses cause similar symptoms ✅
C. Virus infection may cause immunosuppression
D. Some viruses require other viruses for replication
A. Virus infections are all life threatening
B. Number of viruses cause similar symptoms ✅
C. Virus infection may cause immunosuppression
D. Some viruses require other viruses for replication
509. Which one of following viruses is not oncogenic?
A. Adenoviruses
B. HSV-2
C. HCV
D. EBV ✅
A. Adenoviruses
B. HSV-2
C. HCV
D. EBV ✅
510. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection is usually made by which of the following:
A. Biochemical tests
B. Growth of virus in chicken embryo
C. Detection of antigen and antibodies ✅
D. Light microscopy
A. Biochemical tests
B. Growth of virus in chicken embryo
C. Detection of antigen and antibodies ✅
D. Light microscopy
511. What is a primer?
A. A short DNA sequence ✅
B. A short RNA sequence
C. A short sequence of oligonucleotide
D. A promoter sequence
A. A short DNA sequence ✅
B. A short RNA sequence
C. A short sequence of oligonucleotide
D. A promoter sequence
512. Direct viral diagnostic techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Electron microscopy
B. Antibodies detection
C. Light microscopy ✅
D. Viral genome detection
A. Electron microscopy
B. Antibodies detection
C. Light microscopy ✅
D. Viral genome detection
513. The first step in all virus infection is:
A. Uncoating
B. Migration to nucleus
C. Attachment to cell receptor ✅
D. Transcription
A. Uncoating
B. Migration to nucleus
C. Attachment to cell receptor ✅
D. Transcription
514. The first step in virus replication after uncoating of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses is which of the following?
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Genome replication ✅
D. Assembly
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Genome replication ✅
D. Assembly
515. Rubella has the most serious consequences in:
A. Children
B. Pregnant Women ✅
C. Summer months
D. Years with heavy rainfall
A. Children
B. Pregnant Women ✅
C. Summer months
D. Years with heavy rainfall
516. Immunopathology (immune-mediated disease) may be involved with a severe form of which of the following Flavivirus infections?
A. Yellow fever
B. West Nile
C. Hepatitis C
D. Dengue fever ✅
A. Yellow fever
B. West Nile
C. Hepatitis C
D. Dengue fever ✅
517. Infectious bursal disease of chickens leads to loss of which of the following cell types?
A. Thymic cells
B. B-lymphocytes ✅
C. Neurons
D. Neutrophils
A. Thymic cells
B. B-lymphocytes ✅
C. Neurons
D. Neutrophils
518. Deltavirus infection is always associated with coinfection with:
A. Hepatitis C ✅
B. Dengue fever
C. Hepatitis B
D. Influenza
A. Hepatitis C ✅
B. Dengue fever
C. Hepatitis B
D. Influenza
519. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test amplifies:
A. DNA ✅
B. RNA
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
A. DNA ✅
B. RNA
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
520. The process of using bacteria to produce proteins is called:
A. Gene therapy
B. Cloning
C. Recombinant DNA technology ✅
D. Gene editing
A. Gene therapy
B. Cloning
C. Recombinant DNA technology ✅
D. Gene editing
521. An example of a live attenuated vaccine is:
A. Measles vaccine ✅
B. Polio vaccine (injected)
C. Tetanus toxoid
D. Hepatitis B vaccine
A. Measles vaccine ✅
B. Polio vaccine (injected)
C. Tetanus toxoid
D. Hepatitis B vaccine
522. A new virus is discovered, which causes severe disease in human. What should be the first step in studying this virus?
A. Develop a vaccine
B. Identify the virus ✅
C. Test for antiviral drugs
D. Assess the public health risk
A. Develop a vaccine
B. Identify the virus ✅
C. Test for antiviral drugs
D. Assess the public health risk
523. The enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA is:
A. DNA polymerase ✅
B. RNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Helicase
A. DNA polymerase ✅
B. RNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Helicase
524. The most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children is:
A. Rotavirus ✅
B. Norovirus
C. Adenovirus
D. Astrovirus
A. Rotavirus ✅
B. Norovirus
C. Adenovirus
D. Astrovirus
525. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?
A. They contain DNA or RNA
B. They can reproduce independently ✅
C. They are infectious
D. They are smaller than bacteria
A. They contain DNA or RNA
B. They can reproduce independently ✅
C. They are infectious
D. They are smaller than bacteria
526. A virus's protein coat is called:
A. Envelope
B. Capsid ✅
C. Peplomer
D. Membrane
A. Envelope
B. Capsid ✅
C. Peplomer
D. Membrane
527. The enzyme that helps to join DNA fragments is:
A. Ligase ✅
B. Polymerase
C. Exonuclease
D. Helicase
A. Ligase ✅
B. Polymerase
C. Exonuclease
D. Helicase
528. Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteria?
A. They are multicellular
B. They are eukaryotic
C. They have a cell wall ✅
D. They lack ribosomes
A. They are multicellular
B. They are eukaryotic
C. They have a cell wall ✅
D. They lack ribosomes
529. A method used to separate and analyze proteins is:
A. DNA sequencing
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. PCR
D. Cloning
A. DNA sequencing
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. PCR
D. Cloning
530. Which of the following is an indicator organism used in water quality testing?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. E. coli ✅
C. Salmonella typhi
D. Shigella dysenteriae
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. E. coli ✅
C. Salmonella typhi
D. Shigella dysenteriae
531. The standard method for counting bacteria in a sample is:
A. Turbidity measurement
B. Viable plate count ✅
C. Direct microscopic count
D. PCR
A. Turbidity measurement
B. Viable plate count ✅
C. Direct microscopic count
D. PCR
532. The process of bacteria acquiring DNA from the environment is known as:
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Conjugation
D. Mutation
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Conjugation
D. Mutation
533. A common laboratory technique used for separating DNA fragments is:
A. PCR
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. Cloning
D. Filtration
A. PCR
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. Cloning
D. Filtration
534. What is the primary purpose of a biosafety cabinet in a microbiology lab?
A. To sterilize materials
B. To provide sterile conditions for working ✅
C. To incubate samples
D. To provide refrigeration
A. To sterilize materials
B. To provide sterile conditions for working ✅
C. To incubate samples
D. To provide refrigeration
535. Which of the following is NOT an example of a viral infection?
A. Influenza
B. Tuberculosis ✅
C. Measles
D. Hepatitis
A. Influenza
B. Tuberculosis ✅
C. Measles
D. Hepatitis
536. Which type of microorganism is primarily responsible for antibiotic production?
A. Bacteria ✅
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa
A. Bacteria ✅
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa
537. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?
A. Eukaryotic
B. Multicellular
C. Autotrophic ✅
D. Chitin cell wall
A. Eukaryotic
B. Multicellular
C. Autotrophic ✅
D. Chitin cell wall
538. The shape of bacteria can be determined by:
A. Cell wall composition
B. Genetic material
C. Nutritional requirements
D. All of the above ✅
A. Cell wall composition
B. Genetic material
C. Nutritional requirements
D. All of the above ✅
539. The process of introducing a foreign gene into a cell is known as:
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Transcription
D. Translation
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Transcription
D. Translation
540. The total number of colonies on a plate is referred to as:
A. CFU ✅
B. MPN
C. Titer
D. Density
A. CFU ✅
B. MPN
C. Titer
D. Density
541. A major feature of the innate immune system is:
A. Specificity
B. Memory
C. Immediate response ✅
D. Clonal selection
A. Specificity
B. Memory
C. Immediate response ✅
D. Clonal selection
542. The type of immunity that develops after exposure to a pathogen is:
A. Innate immunity
B. Passive immunity
C. Active immunity ✅
D. Herd immunity
A. Innate immunity
B. Passive immunity
C. Active immunity ✅
D. Herd immunity
543. The structure that helps bacteria attach to surfaces is:
A. Capsule
B. Flagella
C. Fimbriae ✅
D. Cell wall
A. Capsule
B. Flagella
C. Fimbriae ✅
D. Cell wall
544. A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans is:
A. Zoonosis ✅
B. Endemic disease
C. Epidemic disease
D. Pandemic disease
A. Zoonosis ✅
B. Endemic disease
C. Epidemic disease
D. Pandemic disease
545. A common method of sterilization used in laboratories is:
A. Boiling
B. Autoclaving ✅
C. Disinfection
D. Antisepsis
A. Boiling
B. Autoclaving ✅
C. Disinfection
D. Antisepsis
546. The method used to isolate pure cultures from mixed cultures is:
A. Streak plate method ✅
B. Spread plate method
C. Pour plate method
D. Enrichment culture
A. Streak plate method ✅
B. Spread plate method
C. Pour plate method
D. Enrichment culture
547. A viral infection characterized by fever and rash is:
A. Measles ✅
B. Influenza
C. Hepatitis
D. Mumps
A. Measles ✅
B. Influenza
C. Hepatitis
D. Mumps
548. Which of the following can be used to culture anaerobic bacteria?
A. Thioglycolate broth ✅
B. Nutrient agar
C. Sabouraud agar
D. Blood agar
A. Thioglycolate broth ✅
B. Nutrient agar
C. Sabouraud agar
D. Blood agar
549. A substance produced by one organism that is harmful to another organism is called:
A. Antibiotic ✅
B. Antigen
C. Antibody
D. Vaccine
A. Antibiotic ✅
B. Antigen
C. Antibody
D. Vaccine
550. The smallest unit of life is:
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Organism
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Organism
