MCQ Test
351. Which of following mediates an initial response to viral infections by the innate immune system?
A. Complement components
B. T and B lymphocytes
C. Cytokines
D. Interferons
352. Which one is a messenger that mediates connection between the innate and adaptive immune systems?
A. Complement components
B. T and B lymphocytes
C. Cytokines
D. Interferons
353. _______ are resident macrophages present in CNS.
A. Kupffer cells
B. Alveolar cells
C. Microglial cells
D. Langerhans
354. If you were a neutrophil recruited to an anaerobic site to kill such a bacterium, which of the following substances would you most likely use?
A. IL-12
B. Nitric oxide
C. Cathelicidin
D. Respiratory burst oxidase
355. Which of the following is a “pattern recognition receptor”?
A. BCR
B. Interleukin-1 receptor
C. Mannose receptor
D. Fc receptor
356. A molecule that reacts with specific antibody but is not immunogenic by itself is called:
A. Carrier
B. Antigen
C. Hapten
D. Immunogen
357. What type of vaccine is used to protect vulnerable individuals from influenza?
A. It is an example of a subunit vaccine
B. It is an example of a live attenuated vaccine
C. It is an example of passive immunization
D. It is an example of a recombinant vaccine
358. The initial complement component that is bound by complement-fixing antibodies is:
A. C1q
B. C1s
C. C3b
D. C5a
359. The _____ immune system uses ____ as well as antigen recognition molecules and the ______ immune system uses ______ as well as molecules (e.g., interferons).
A. Adaptive; Phagocytes; Innate; Lymphocytes
B. Adaptive; Lymphocytes; Innate; Phagocytes
C. Innate; Phagocytes; Adaptive; Lymphocytes
D. Innate; Lymphocytes; Adaptive; Phagocytes
360. Which of the following immune cells uses antibodies as membrane bound receptors?
A. T-helper cell
B. Cytotoxic T-cell
C. B-lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
361. Which of the complement pathway among various pathways will activate first?
A. Classical pathway
B. Alternate pathway
C. Lectin pathway
D. All act simultaneously
362. Which one of the following is NOT usually included in physical barriers?
A. Sweat glands
B. Salivary glands
C. Mucous membranes
D. Skin
363. The use of live vaccines usually provides:
A. Shorter immunity
B. More effective immunity
C. No side effects
D. None of the above
364. Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to:
A. Thick peptidoglycan layer
B. Thin peptidoglycan layer
C. Lipopolysaccharide layer
D. None of the above
365. The predominant immunoglobulin found in the blood is:
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
366. Which of the following is NOT a property of viruses?
A. They can reproduce independently
B. They contain nucleic acid
C. They are obligate intracellular parasites
D. They can evolve
367. Which type of bacteria can live without oxygen?
A. Aerobes
B. Anaerobes
C. Microaerophiles
D. Capnophiles
368. A bacterium with a spherical shape is referred to as:
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli
C. Spirilla
D. Vibrio
369. Which of the following is NOT a Gram-positive bacterium?
A. Staphylococcus
B. Streptococcus
C. Bacillus
D. Escherichia
370. What is the role of the capsule in bacteria?
A. Protection against phagocytosis
B. Nutrient absorption
C. Energy production
D. DNA replication
371. Which of the following is a common vector for Lyme disease?
A. Fleas
B. Ticks
C. Mosquitoes
D. Lice
372. Antibodies are produced by which type of cells?
A. T-cells
B. B-cells
C. Macrophages
D. Dendritic cells
373. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults is:
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
374. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?
A. Contain genetic material
B. Capable of metabolism
C. Obligate intracellular parasites
D. Can mutate
375. Which type of immunity is produced by the body after exposure to a pathogen?
A. Passive immunity
B. Active immunity
C. Innate immunity
D. Natural immunity
376. The most effective way to sterilize heat-sensitive materials is:
A. Boiling
B. Autoclaving
C. Filtration
D. Incineration
377. Which of the following bacteria is known for causing food poisoning?
A. Salmonella
B. E. coli
C. Listeria
D. Campylobacter
378. A Gram-negative bacterium typically has:
A. A thick peptidoglycan layer
B. An outer membrane
C. Teichoic acids
D. No capsule
379. The major role of the immune system is to:
A. Produce energy
B. Protect the body from pathogens
C. Regulate blood pressure
D. Maintain homeostasis
380. The function of macrophages in the immune system is to:
A. Produce antibodies
B. Phagocytize pathogens
C. Present antigens
D. All of the above
381. The component of the immune system that can directly kill infected host cells is:
A. T-cells
B. B-cells
C. Macrophages
D. Antibodies
382. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
A. Specificity
B. Immediate response
C. Non-specificity
D. All of the above
383. Which organism is known to cause malaria?
A. Toxoplasma gondii
B. Plasmodium
C. Giardia lamblia
D. Trichomonas vaginalis
384. Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?
A. Autoclaving
B. Filtration
C. Dry heat
D. Boiling
385. The most important component of the innate immune system is:
A. Antibodies
B. Phagocytes
C. T-cells
D. B-cells
386. The main function of dendritic cells is to:
A. Produce antibodies
B. Present antigens
C. Phagocytize pathogens
D. Regulate T-cell activation
387. The most common vector-borne disease in the United States is:
A. Malaria
B. Lyme disease
C. Dengue fever
D. Zika virus
388. Which of the following is NOT a common bacterial pathogen?
A. E. coli
B. Streptococcus
C. Influenza
D. Salmonella
389. The most effective disinfectant against viruses is:
A. Alcohol
B. Bleach
C. Hydrogen peroxide
D. Formaldehyde
390. The presence of which of the following indicates that a person has been infected with a pathogen?
A. Antigen
B. Antibody
C. Toxin
D. None of the above
391. The primary role of interferons is to:
A. Directly kill pathogens
B. Signal other cells to defend against viruses
C. Produce antibodies
D. Activate complement
392. The most common source of nosocomial infections is:
A. Contaminated medical equipment
B. Patient’s own flora
C. Airborne transmission
D. Vector transmission
393. A common route of transmission for HIV is:
A. Airborne
B. Blood and sexual contact
C. Foodborne
D. Fomite
394. The most serious complication of untreated streptococcal pharyngitis is:
A. Scarlet fever
B. Rheumatic fever
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. None of the above
395. Which of following is most resistant to antiseptics?
A. Spore
B. Prion
C. Cyst
D. Fungus
396. Which of the following is enrichment media?
A. Selenite F broth
B. Chocolate media
C. Egg media
D. Meat extract media
397. Lyophilization is:
A. Holding at 72° C for 15 seconds
B. Competitive inhibition
C. Freeze-drying
D. Sterility testing
398. Gene mutation occurs at the time of:
A. DNA repair
B. DNA replication
C. Translation
D. RNA transcription
399. All of the following can be part of innate immune responses EXCEPT:
A. B-cells
B. Alternative pathway of complement system
C. Natural killer cells
D. Macrophages
400. The cellular immune response is mediated by:
A. B cells
B. T cell
C. B & T cells
D. Endothelial cells
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