251. The Kingdom of recyclers is known as _____.
A. Algae
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi ✅
D. Embryophata
A. Algae
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi ✅
D. Embryophata
252. Unicellular yeast cells reproduce by _____.
A. Sporing
B. Conidiation
C. Budding ✅
D. Both “A” and “B”
A. Sporing
B. Conidiation
C. Budding ✅
D. Both “A” and “B”
253. Interferons protect healthy cells by production of?
A. Antibacterial proteins
B. Antifungal proteins
C. Antiviral proteins ✅
D. Antiprotozoal proteins
A. Antibacterial proteins
B. Antifungal proteins
C. Antiviral proteins ✅
D. Antiprotozoal proteins
254. Branch of Microbiology related with the study of fungi:
A. Protozoology
B. Phycology
C. Mycology ✅
D. Biotechnology
A. Protozoology
B. Phycology
C. Mycology ✅
D. Biotechnology
255. Penicillin acts by inhibiting:
A. Cell wall synthesis ✅
B. RNA synthesis
C. Folate synthesis
D. DNA gyrase
A. Cell wall synthesis ✅
B. RNA synthesis
C. Folate synthesis
D. DNA gyrase
256. Schizogony is a mode of reproduction in:
A. Algae
B. Protozoa ✅
C. Fungi
D. Embryophata
A. Algae
B. Protozoa ✅
C. Fungi
D. Embryophata
257. Disease that affects many people in different countries is termed as:
A. Sporadic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic ✅
D. Endemic
A. Sporadic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic ✅
D. Endemic
258. Some bacteria form dormant structures during harsh environmental conditions, which are known as:
A. Endospore ✅
B. Capsule
C. Cyst
D. Bud
A. Endospore ✅
B. Capsule
C. Cyst
D. Bud
259. Many clostridial diseases require a/an _____ environment for their development.
A. Living tissue
B. Anaerobic ✅
C. Aerobic
D. Low-pH
A. Living tissue
B. Anaerobic ✅
C. Aerobic
D. Low-pH
260. Bacterial cells multiply rapidly during:
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Death phase
D. Stationary phase
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase ✅
C. Death phase
D. Stationary phase
261. A group of fungal hyphae is called _____.
A. Filtering body
B. Mycelia ✅
C. Conidia
D. Yeast
A. Filtering body
B. Mycelia ✅
C. Conidia
D. Yeast
262. Most human pathogenic bacteria are:
A. Psychrophiles
B. Psychrotrophes
C. Thermophiles
D. Mesophiles ✅
A. Psychrophiles
B. Psychrotrophes
C. Thermophiles
D. Mesophiles ✅
263. DNA contains:
A. Alanine
B. Thymine ✅
C. Uracil
D. Arginine
A. Alanine
B. Thymine ✅
C. Uracil
D. Arginine
264. The type of immunity through vaccination is:
A. Active natural acquired immunity
B. Passive artificial acquired immunity
C. Passive natural acquired immunity
D. Active artificial acquired immunity ✅
A. Active natural acquired immunity
B. Passive artificial acquired immunity
C. Passive natural acquired immunity
D. Active artificial acquired immunity ✅
265. Shrinkage of the cell occurs in _____ environment.
A. Hypotonic
B. Hypertonic ✅
C. Isotonic
D. None of these
A. Hypotonic
B. Hypertonic ✅
C. Isotonic
D. None of these
266. A bacterium is a _____ type of organism.
A. Prokaryotic ✅
B. Eukaryotic
C. Fungal
D. None of these
A. Prokaryotic ✅
B. Eukaryotic
C. Fungal
D. None of these
267. The major cause of foodborne illness in the United States is:
A. Virus ✅
B. Bacteria
C. Parasites
D. Chemicals
A. Virus ✅
B. Bacteria
C. Parasites
D. Chemicals
268. What type of bacteria is responsible for the spoilage of meat?
A. Lactic acid bacteria
B. Pseudomonas ✅
C. E. coli
D. Bacillus
A. Lactic acid bacteria
B. Pseudomonas ✅
C. E. coli
D. Bacillus
269. Which of the following is a common method for sterilizing surgical instruments?
A. Boiling
B. Autoclaving ✅
C. Disinfecting
D. Wiping with alcohol
A. Boiling
B. Autoclaving ✅
C. Disinfecting
D. Wiping with alcohol
270. The term used to describe bacteria that prefer low temperatures is:
A. Mesophiles
B. Thermophiles
C. Psychrophiles ✅
D. Halophiles
A. Mesophiles
B. Thermophiles
C. Psychrophiles ✅
D. Halophiles
271. Which organism is known as a cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals?
A. Aspergillus ✅
B. Lactobacillus
C. Bacillus
D. Streptococcus
A. Aspergillus ✅
B. Lactobacillus
C. Bacillus
D. Streptococcus
272. The term used to describe the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is:
A. Transduction ✅
B. Transformation
C. Conjugation
D. Transfection
A. Transduction ✅
B. Transformation
C. Conjugation
D. Transfection
273. The most common method of bacterial identification is:
A. Biochemical testing
B. Gram staining ✅
C. Molecular techniques
D. Culture growth
A. Biochemical testing
B. Gram staining ✅
C. Molecular techniques
D. Culture growth
274. The structure responsible for the motility of bacteria is:
A. Fimbriae
B. Flagella ✅
C. Pili
D. Capsule
A. Fimbriae
B. Flagella ✅
C. Pili
D. Capsule
275. The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication is:
A. DNA polymerase ✅
B. RNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Helicase
A. DNA polymerase ✅
B. RNA polymerase
C. Ligase
D. Helicase
276. The pH of an optimal environment for most bacteria is:
A. 1-3
B. 4-6
C. 7-9 ✅
D. 10-12
A. 1-3
B. 4-6
C. 7-9 ✅
D. 10-12
277. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called:
A. Anaerobes
B. Aerobes ✅
C. Microaerophiles
D. Facultative anaerobes
A. Anaerobes
B. Aerobes ✅
C. Microaerophiles
D. Facultative anaerobes
278. The process of heat treatment to kill pathogens in milk is known as:
A. Pasteurization ✅
B. Sterilization
C. Fermentation
D. Disinfection
A. Pasteurization ✅
B. Sterilization
C. Fermentation
D. Disinfection
279. A microbiological media that suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria while encouraging the growth of the desired bacteria is known as:
A. Selective media ✅
B. Differential media
C. Enrichment media
D. General purpose media
A. Selective media ✅
B. Differential media
C. Enrichment media
D. General purpose media
280. The technique used to separate and identify different DNA fragments is called:
A. PCR
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. DNA sequencing
D. Cloning
A. PCR
B. Gel electrophoresis ✅
C. DNA sequencing
D. Cloning
281. In bacterial genetics, what does the term "plasmid" refer to?
A. A fragment of chromosomal DNA
B. A circular DNA molecule ✅
C. A segment of RNA
D. A type of virus
A. A fragment of chromosomal DNA
B. A circular DNA molecule ✅
C. A segment of RNA
D. A type of virus
282. The microorganism responsible for food spoilage is primarily:
A. Fungi ✅
B. Virus
C. Bacteria
D. All of the above
A. Fungi ✅
B. Virus
C. Bacteria
D. All of the above
283. Which of the following is a viral infection?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Syphilis
C. Measles ✅
D. Gonorrhea
A. Tuberculosis
B. Syphilis
C. Measles ✅
D. Gonorrhea
284. A common laboratory procedure for determining antibiotic susceptibility is:
A. Disk diffusion ✅
B. Gram staining
C. PCR
D. ELISA
A. Disk diffusion ✅
B. Gram staining
C. PCR
D. ELISA
285. The study of fungi is known as:
A. Bacteriology
B. Mycology ✅
C. Protozoology
D. Phycology
A. Bacteriology
B. Mycology ✅
C. Protozoology
D. Phycology
286. The most effective way to prevent the spread of infectious diseases is:
A. Vaccination ✅
B. Isolation
C. Quarantine
D. Disinfection
A. Vaccination ✅
B. Isolation
C. Quarantine
D. Disinfection
287. The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on:
A. Size
B. Shape
C. Cell wall composition ✅
D. Metabolism
A. Size
B. Shape
C. Cell wall composition ✅
D. Metabolism
288. The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner to protect against:
A. Smallpox ✅
B. Measles
C. Polio
D. Tetanus
A. Smallpox ✅
B. Measles
C. Polio
D. Tetanus
289. Which bacteria are known for their ability to produce endospores?
A. Bacillus ✅
B. Staphylococcus
C. E. coli
D. Streptococcus
A. Bacillus ✅
B. Staphylococcus
C. E. coli
D. Streptococcus
290. The structure of a virus is primarily made of:
A. Protein and nucleic acid ✅
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Amino acids
A. Protein and nucleic acid ✅
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Amino acids
291. The term used to describe a bacterium that can survive without oxygen is:
A. Obligate aerobes
B. Obligate anaerobes ✅
C. Microaerophiles
D. Aerotolerant
A. Obligate aerobes
B. Obligate anaerobes ✅
C. Microaerophiles
D. Aerotolerant
292. A bacterial culture with a high number of organisms will show:
A. A clear solution
B. Turbidity ✅
C. Sediment
D. No change
A. A clear solution
B. Turbidity ✅
C. Sediment
D. No change
293. What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria?
A. Energy production
B. Protein synthesis ✅
C. DNA replication
D. Cell division
A. Energy production
B. Protein synthesis ✅
C. DNA replication
D. Cell division
294. The term used for the bacterial growth phase where no increase in cell number occurs is:
A. Lag phase ✅
B. Log phase
C. Stationary phase
D. Death phase
A. Lag phase ✅
B. Log phase
C. Stationary phase
D. Death phase
295. Which of the following is NOT a type of microscopy?
A. Light microscopy
B. Electron microscopy
C. Atomic force microscopy
D. Color microscopy ✅
A. Light microscopy
B. Electron microscopy
C. Atomic force microscopy
D. Color microscopy ✅
296. The process by which bacteria can take up free DNA from the environment is called:
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Conjugation
D. Replication
A. Transduction
B. Transformation ✅
C. Conjugation
D. Replication
297. Which of the following is used to grow anaerobic bacteria?
A. Candle jar
B. Anaerobic chamber ✅
C. Incubator
D. Cold storage
A. Candle jar
B. Anaerobic chamber ✅
C. Incubator
D. Cold storage
298. Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called:
A. Bacilli
B. Cocci ✅
C. Spirilla
D. Vibrios
A. Bacilli
B. Cocci ✅
C. Spirilla
D. Vibrios
299. Which of the following is a viral disease?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Syphilis
C. Influenza ✅
D. Gonorrhea
A. Tuberculosis
B. Syphilis
C. Influenza ✅
D. Gonorrhea
300. The Gram stain is used to differentiate bacteria based on:
A. Presence of spores
B. Cell wall composition ✅
C. Shape of bacteria
D. Size of bacteria
A. Presence of spores
B. Cell wall composition ✅
C. Shape of bacteria
D. Size of bacteria
